Protection of Biocultural Heritage in the Anthropocene: Towards Reconciling Natural, Cultural, Tangible and Intangible Heritage

Abstract This article examines the effectiveness, legitimacy, and fairness of heritage conservation outcomes under 1972 World Heritage Convention (1972 WHC), with a focus on recognising respecting rights Indigenous Peoples in nomination, protection, management. Examining conflicts surrounding sites Kenya Sweden, this argues that recognition biocultural can promote environmental justice help meet global challenges. To both built natural landscapes, recommends expanding protection for relationship between humans their environment. Recognising UNESCO conventions could sovereignty, protect cultural heritage, contribute to efforts address climate change. The calls further research mapping mixed advocates fuller engagement increase ability WHC sustainability as it enters its second half-century.